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"Greek Mariculture 2011: 30 years of experience the cornerstone for building the vision for 2030" IN Aquaculture Europe • Vol. 36 (2) JUNE 2011 The Mediterranean is the largest inland sea in the world with more than 460 million people living in the region. This sea is 3,860 Km wide from east to west and 900 Km maximum distance from north to south covering an area of 2.5 million Km2. Since the beginning of the 1990s, Mediterranean aquaculture has experienced considerable growth, going from 700,000 to 1,700,000 tons produced in 2008 (FAO). Unique Resources Greece is a unique country in the region with special characteristics that could support the growth of mariculture. Although the country is relatively small (131,940 Km2) is blessed with an extensive coastline of 15,000 Km with favorable climatic characteristics and while it is currently the leading mariculture producer in Mediterranean there is scope for further growth and increased productivity. (*source: MEDITERRANE-ON) Sector Dynamics The Sector of Greek Maricultures, with a 30- year history, has a leading place in the Mediterranean in the production of Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass and it is characteristic that in 2008 Greece with a production of 450 million juveniles had the 41% of the total hatchery production with a Production of 120.000 tons of Gilthead sea bream and European sea bass the 47% of the fresh final product. 106 Companies employ directly or indirectly 10,000 people in remote areas of Greece. Main characteristic of the sector is the intense export orientation, with about 75% exported contributing considerably in the fisheries product balance and in Gross Domestic Product by the high volume of exports and the surge of important capital in our country, established recently as the leading agricultural sector in Greek Exports, a very prominent position in the current difficult years for the Greek Economy. Eight (8) Aquaculture groups are Publicly Registered Companies in the Athens Stock Exchange with 38.000 Shareholders. The Greek industry is vertically integrated with 16 companies as well as large impoundment owners and 3 companies who own feed production plants. The growth of the Greek Mariculture industry was fast in the last 15 years with 318 active licenses that today operate mainly in remote rural areas. Two market crisis (2002-2004) and (2007-2010) were initiated mainly due to lack of market information and increased pulsed flux in the market while demand was increasing much slower. In 2011 the market prices especially in sea bream are the best of the last decade so the industry is getting into yet another growth period that we have to ensure that will not be followed again by dip crisis. There are 59 hatchery licenses with production of 465 million of European sea bass and gilthead sea bream for 2007. This segment is even more concentrated than the on growing production sector with three companies accounting for close to 90 percent of total production. Most juvenile production is used nationally except for some quantities exported to subsidiary or affiliated companies in Turkey and Spain. There are 106 companies operating in the sector but the industry has become highly concentrated over the past ten years with six companies controlling 60 percent of national production and 16 companies or group of companies controlling between 70–75 percent of production. The industry in Greece is vertically integrated, with the 16 largest companies owning their own hatchery production facilities and the three largest companies owning their own feed production plants (representing about 60 percent of feed production in Greece) and processing plants. In recent years there has been some expansion of Greek companies into other countries, namely Turkey and Spain, through the outright purchase or part participation in the shareholding of Turkish and Spanish companies. Expansion into Turkey was motivated by a perceived lower cost of production combined with the direct export subsidy afforded to Turkish production. Investment into Spanish production was motivated by the advantage of a national supplier in one of the largest consuming markets for European sea bass and gilthead sea bream in Europe. In the last two years and during the market crisis, Greek Mariculture attracted foreign investor interest and involvement in the three leading groups namely Dias, Nireus and Selonda. Investor’s acquisition and merger plans have yet to be fully implemented. The Greek exports are gradually extended in markets except Italy, Spain and France and in the Emerging markets of UK, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Austria, USA and Canada, where new distribution networks are being developed. Gradually but steadily Greek fish with high nutritional value, quality and hygiene have conquered a sovereign place in the plate of European consumers playing important role in the recent turn to the healthy `Mediterranean Diet’ Leading role in organic sea bream and sea bass production Estimates by FAO in 2004 indicated that global organic aquaculture production could reach 70 000 tons by 2010 and more than 1 million tons by 2030. At 60.000 tons in 2007, it can be argued that these estimates are conservative. The largest part of organic fish production is in Europe with an estimated production of organic salmon and trout of 17 000 tons and a value of 90 million Euros. It is estimated that the certified organic production of European sea bass and gilthead sea bream was around 1500 tons in 2008, which represents close to a ten-fold increase from 2004. It is estimated that the European market can absorb around 4 000 to 6 000 tons annually at present or between 1–2 percent of current total conventional Mediterranean production. Three groups (Kefalonia fish farming, Galaxidi Marine Farms and Hellenic Fish farming) are the only groups accredited for organic production while Galaxidi Marine farms hatchery was recently the first sea bass and sea bream hatchery in Europe, certified for organic production. Further research is required to define and update standards for organic aquaculture, to ensure the acceptability of organically produced fish to consumers and that organically labeled aquaculture products deliver on promises of reduced pollution of coastal waters and increased environmental sustainability. The role of nutrition in the quality of market-sized organic sea bream and sea bass and the long-term benefits of the aquaculture industry and the environment continue to be thoroughly researched in Greece. Preliminary analysis of the Greek consumers’ perceptions reveals that, a marketing strategy is needed in order to promote awareness and indicate potential health and environmental aspects of organic aquaculture products. From new species to ‘more than fish’ approach Gilthead sea bream and European Sea bass represent more than 95% of total production of Greek Mariculture. The other species of fish are produced in small quantities. • Red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) • Sharpsnout sea bream (Puntazzo puntazzo) • Red pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) • White sea bream (Diplodus sargus) • Atlantic Blue fin tuna (Thynnus thynnus) • Sole (Solea solea, Solea senegalensis) • Mullet (Mugil cephalus) • Common dentex (Dentex dentex) • Brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) New species, as the red porgy and sharpsnout sea bream have been produced at industrial production levels. Roughly 2000 tons have been sold globally while important steps have happened in the culture of solea and red pandpora. Gilthead sea bream covers 40% of total production however in the last years efforts have been made in order for fish farms to advance in the mass production of also novel, relative species with gilthead sea bream and the sea bass, species, like the common dentex, White sea bream, the mullet and red porgy. The main reasons for the slow uptake of new species especially in Greece is the lack of market development that will support their production and some biological constrains. Furthermore species selected until now does not allow the processing due to the small size of the individuals, competing therefore with the classical species. The recent developments with meagre and the fast growing - large size species (greater amberjack) may diversify the production. The recent advances in induction of spawning and early larval survival of Blue fin tuna is very promising but higher level of cooperation and relevant research infrastructures are required for the jump start from ranching to aquaculture of this very promising species. Currently new approaches on utilizing mariculture technologies on producing other products except fish are debated within the sector and the research community. Quality and Health benefits are officially recognized The consumption per capita in Greece is approximately 25 kg per year (FAO) of which 21 kg is sea bass and sea bream. This means that the annual total fisheries product consumption in Greece is approximately 250,000 tonnes for a population of around 10 million and aquaculture contributes with less than 10%. The Federation of Greek Maricultures (FGM) with the support of AQUARK, HCMR and the Medical School of the University of Athens submitted to the Greek Authorities in November 2007, a health claim (ID 1317) on cultured sea bass and sea bream for the approval of health claims for food according to article 13 (1) of EC regulation 1924/2006. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approval (EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1796) pages 29-30 is the crucial first step in order to include this health claim in the expected EC regulation until the end of 2011 (20 Years after the FGM establishment). Polyunsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA,DHA) have known positive properties for the reduction of cardiovascular diseases risk and cultured sea bass and sea bream with 1,2g Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA,DHA) in 100g of fillet is one of the rich food sources for omega-3 fatty acids. EFSA confirms* that Polyunsaturated Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA,DHA) assist in the maintenance of normal cardiac function, normal blood pressure and maintenance of normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides *(EFSA Journal 2010;8(10):1796, EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1263) Following these EFSA scientific opinions the Federation of Greek Maricultures suggests that: "Consumption of cultured sea bass and gilthead sea bream twice a week, as a rich source of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and part of a healthy lifestyle assists in the maintenance of normal cardiac function" and "Consumption of 250g fillet of cultured sea bass and gilthead sea bream covers the daily EPA–DHA requirements that has been proven to assist in the maintenance of normal blood pressure and normal (fasting) blood concentrations of triglycerides" Comparative analysis of Greek mariculture products composition indicates their high nutritional value in relation to other animal origin products. Protein level per 100 gr product, is equal the other animal products, with lower fat content. Their special nutritional value is mainly on the percentage of PUFAs in the total fish lipid content. Except the recognized High concentration of unique essential ω3 fatty acids, cultured sea bass and sea bream represent excellent source of all the essential amino acids (essential are the amino acids that cannot be synthetised in our body) for the ‘building’ of the ideal body structure. These valuable nutrients are highly available with digestibility of nutritional elements exceeding 95%. These cultured fish are also wonderful source of: • essential vitamins and minerals, • lipoproteins A and D, • water soluble proteins B1, B2, B3 and B12, • basic minerals and trace elements like calcium, phosphorus, zing and iodine Establishing the vision for Hellenic Aquaculture Research The recent establishment of the Hellenic Aquaculture Technology and Innovation Platform (HATiP), seems to be the tool which will channel the priorities of future research in Greece and in EU on Mediterranean aquaculture which will enable better control and sustainable growth of the activity. The Hellenic Aquaculture Technology & Innovation Platform will ensure communication and cooperation in a forum of the industry academia and research community including all stakeholders with direct interest to the Greek Aquaculture sector in order to define the research priorities and to design the national strategy for the research, innovation and technological development for a sustainable future. The Hellenic Aquaculture Technology & Innovation Platform is taking the following initiatives: • To build bridges between the industry and the research community and academia • To develop a clear vision for research, development and innovation in Greek aquaculture • To define national research targets that will support the sustainable growth of the industry • To design the strategy for the achievement of these targets and to develop the specific plan of action • To activate existing mechanisms (and/or develop new) for the dissemination of scientific knowledge in the sector. • To ensure active industry participation, as well as involvement of the research infrastructures and other relevant to aquaculture organisations in European, international, national and regional programmes. Social, Environmental and Economic sustainability While prospects for the future of aquaculture are generally positive, the industry faces various challenges which need to be promptly and adequately addressed. The dynamic intra- and interrelationships of aspects related to the environment, the society and the economics of aquaculture companies, and the efficient overcoming of the challenges associated with these relationships, form the basis of sustainability, a concept that has emerged as an important precondition for the future of the industry. Scientific information on aquaculture has been poorly understood and negatively publicized by today’s powerful media, distorting the image of aquaculture. This is the reason why the Greek mariculture industry and the scientific community that surrounds it are studying these impacts closely to control them and keep them at acceptable levels for today’s society. It is essential that the full range of knowledge connected with aquaculture is passed on to the public at large. Knowledge has always been critically important to the development of aquaculture. Knowledge management will become increasingly critical to the sustainable development of aquaculture and its movement towards attaining the desired social outputs. Networks such as the farmers associations, the ministries and the municipalities, need to pass on information about, say, the way aquaculture successfully interacts with the environment and how this is being effectively monitored. Knowledge networks and the use of knowledge platforms should be aimed at the effective dissemination and wider adoption of aquaculture. It is also very important to attract young talent in Greek Aquaculture so the sector ensures the new generation of technical and scientific personnel that will assist the major groups to pass through the generation change period expected in the next 5-10 years. New Spatial Planning Framework and administrative constrains The nature of the Mediterranean is such that aquaculture must compete with other users of a relatively limited coastline. Although the development of tourism takes precedence in most countries, it is important to recognize that in contrast with tourism, aquaculture can provide full-time em ployment, represents a less permanent mark on the physical environment. Most importantly the two activities are not mutually exclusive. The establishment of maritime spatial planning which take into account the development priorities of each region and country and have as a priority the proper management and protection of the physical environment is essential to reducing conflicts among users of the coastline. Only recently a Spatial Planning Framework is being proposed by the Greek Government for the aquaculture development in Greece that will establish aquaculture development zones and will put aquaculture on the map as equal responsible user of the coastal zone. Currently the marine area dedicated to mariculture in Greece is only 7,8Km2 while only the Athens International airport covers an area of 16,5 Km2. The significance of the sector, as also this of the capture fisheries even in less extend, is clearly stated by the foundation of the new Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Islands & Fisheries, that took responsibility from the Ministry of Rural Development & Food, to unite the 3 major developmental key factors of Greece, its shipping, islands & mariculture. The recent allocation of aquaculture in the new Ministry of Maritime Affairs, Islands & Fisheries is expected to facilitate solutions in reducing the administrative issues for the sustainable development of the industry. Some of these barriers include: • Simplification of the licensing procedure. There is a widely expressed desire to further develop aquaculture as a viable industry but the often complicated and long licensing procedure inhibits investment. The most careful and well designed business plan can fail if the licensing procedures result in long delays and additional costs. • Simplification of legislation. Legislation for an aquaculture holding usually involves a number of different ministries, departments and authorities with no clear hierarchy or responsibility. There is a clear need for a specialized “one stop shop” for all issues pertaining to the aquaculture activity. • Coherence between responsibilities of the national, regional and local authorities. There are often conflicting responsibilities and priorities between national, regional and local authorities and in the case of European Union countries, EU regulations creating an uneven playing field. Contribution to Employment and Rural Economy European aquaculture, including relevant activities, employs today roughly 80.000 individuals in the European Union, the majority in Spain, Greece, France, Scotland and Ireland. This means roughly 20% of total European sector of fisheries (including fisheries, aquaculture and transformation) and corresponds in the 3,3 employed in each 10.000 individuals of active European workforce. Short-term objective of European Committee was the addition of 10.000 more individuals of full employment especially in removed rural regions, where the opportunities for work are limited. One of the main pillars of EU policies is the policy for employment. In each sectoral policy, contribution in the employment represents a non-negotiable component in terms of job creation and especially in less privileged regions. Aquaculture in certain regions and countries is an important increasing source of employment. In Greek Mariculture sector women consist an important percentage of the workforce located mainly in packaging stations in hatcheries, while by far smaller is their presence in the cage farms. Naturally increased percentage of women is employed in the administrative personnel positions. In particular in the packaging stations the percentage of women oscillates from 45 up to 50%, while in the hatcheries their percentage is approximately 25%. Beyond (permanent or seasonal) workers in the marine aquaculture, a spectrum of professions and activities is developed due to the fact that the fish farms create indirect job positions (suppliers of material Y/K, shipping equipment, fuels, garages, catering and accommodation services, ship yards, factories of fish feeds, suppliers of pharmaceutical products, services etc). In 2002 they were estimated around 8.500 individuals, accordingly to Ministry of Rural Growth and Foods data. In 2009 this number was estimated to reach 10.000 individuals. Welcoming ”Mediterranean Aquaculture 2020” In this historic period, after 30 years of development, experienced from the two market crisis, accepted in more markets than before, recognised for the quality and health benefits of its products expecting to be dealt like equal user of the coastal zone through the new spatial planning framework, the sector is looking ahead together with the research community and academia to develop the vision for the Greek aquaculture for 2030. It is therefore no accident that the sector is supporting the organisation of the Aquaculture Europe 2011 conference in Rhodes in October for the first time in Greece. Aquaculture Europe 2011 will be the most innovative event of European aquaculture to date, bringing together research institutions, academia and the industry. Sessions will address vital questions affecting the development of Mediterranean aquaculture over the next decade, with reviews of the importance of aquaculture in EU food production; the sustainability of aquaculture feeds and the implementation of selective breeding strategies in aquaculture. A review of current EU-funded research programmes will highlight their relevance to the current and future production practices. Aquaculture Europe 2011 will establish benchmarks for future research that will lead to a clear foresight of the development dynamics of Mediterranean aquaculture 2020. The conference will include an international trade show, a Farmers Day and a student workshop. It will also provide a platform to showcase European initiatives in aquaculture. The FEAP president’s meeting is organised just before the conference and trade show. The Federation of Greek Maricultures organises a special farmers’ day programme with the contribution of the Turkish Muğla Fish Farmers Association that will have a special emphasis on aquaculture in the Mediterranean. This forum is designed to allow discussion of the political issues affecting the industry, technological developments and last but not least the vision and short term research agenda of the Technology and Innovation Platforms in the Mediterranean Aquaculture industry. On behalf of the Local Organizing Committee, the Greek members of the Steering Committee and the Greek Aquaculture sector we would like to welcome you in Greece and in the magnificent island of Rhodes for a historic and memorable meeting for the future of Mediterranean Aquaculture. Dr. Panos Christofilogiannis Chairman of the Steering and Local Organizing Committee AQUACULTURE EUROPE 2011 “MEDITERRANEAN AQUACULTURE 2020” On behalf of Aquaculture Europe 2011 Local Organizing Committee Dr. Ioannis Nengas (HCMR) Dr. Konstantinos Mylonas (HCMR) Dr. Nikos Papandroulakis (HCMR) Prof. Elena Mente (Un. of Thessaly) Prof. Michail Pavlidis (Un. of Crete) Mrs Ioanna Argyrou (Nays. Ltd) Dr. Giorgos Rigos (HCMR) and on behalf of Greek Members of the Aquaculture Europe 2011 Steering Committee.